All Issue

2025 Vol.13, Issue 2 Preview Page
A Comprehensive Guide to Performance Measurement of Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cell Technologies
Seungun Lee1†
,
Eunseo Noh1†
,
Seungkyu Ahn2*
,
Sang Il Seok1**
1Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Korea
2Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Daejeon, 34129, Korea
†These authors contributed equally.
*Corresponding Author
**Corresponding Author
30 June 2025. pp. 83-93
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells are a promising next-generation photovoltaic technology capable of surpassing the efficiency limits of single-junction silicon cells. By combining the complementary light absorption of perovskite and silicon, these tandem devices can achieve power conversion efficiencies (PCE) approaching 35%. Practical application, however, demands precise spectral control and accurate performance evaluation to overcome current matching and perovskite material challenges. This report introduces an integrated strategy to improve performance assessment through LED-based spectral tuning and advanced measurement methodologies.

Keywords
Monolithic tandem solar cell
Silicon solar cell
Perovskite solar cell
Light-emitting Diode (LED) light source
Light-current voltage (LIV) measurement
References
1

J. Liu, Y. He, L. Ding, H. Zhang, Q. Li, L. Jia, J. Yu, T. W. Lau, M. Li, Y. Qin, X. Gu, F. Zhang, Q. Li, Y. Yang, S. Zhao, X. Wu, J. Liu, T. Liu, Y. Gao, Y. Wang, X. Dong, H. Chen, P. Li, T. Zhou, M. Yang, X. Ru, F. Peng, S. Yin, M. Qu, D. Zhao, Z. Zhao, M. Li, P. Guo, H. Yan, C. Xiao, P. Xiao, J. Yin, X. Zhang, Z. Li, B. He, X. Xu. Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with bilayer interface passivation. Nature. 635(8039), 596-603 (2024).

10.1038/s41586-024-07997-739236747
2

NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory), Best Research-Cell Efficiency Chart. Available online: https://www.nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html (accessed on 10 February 2025).

3

G. E. Eperon, M. T. Hörantner, H. J. Snaith, Metal halide perovskite tandem and multiple-junction photovoltaics. Nat. Rev. Chem. 1(12), 0095 (2017).

10.1038/s41570-017-0095
4

A. J. Barker, A. Sadhanala, F. Deschler, M. Gandini, S. P. Senanayak, P. M. Pearce, E. Mosconi, A. J. Pearson, Y. Wu, A. R. S. Kandada, T. Leijtens, F. De Angelis, S. E. Dutton, A. Petrozza, R. H. Friend, Defect-assisted photoinduced halide segregation in mixed-halide perovskite thin films. ACS Energy Lett. 2(6), 1416-1424 (2017).

10.1021/acsenergylett.7b00282
5

J. Liu, M. Hu, Z. Dai, W. Que, N. P. Padture, Y. Zhou, Correlations between electrochemical ion migration and anomalous device behaviors in perovskite solar cells. ACS Energy Lett. 6(3), 1003-1014 (2021).

10.1021/acsenergylett.0c02662
6

B. Li, M. Lin, C. Kan, P. Hang, Y. Yao, Z. Hu, Y. Wang, Y. Zhang, W. Zhong, D. Yang, X. Yu, Revealing the correlation of light soaking effect with ion migration in perovskite solar cells. Sol. RRL. 6(7), 2200050 (2022).

10.1002/solr.202200050
7

Y. Liu, A. V. Ievlev, N. Borodinov, M. Lorenz, K. Xiao, M. Ahmadi, B. Hu, S. V. Kalinin, O. S. Ovchinnikova, Direct observation of photoinduced ion migration in lead halide perovskites. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31(8), 2008777 (2021).

10.1002/adfm.202008777
8

E. L. Unger, E. T. Hoke, C. D. Bailie, W. H. Nguyen, A. R. Bowring, T. Heumüller, M. G. Christoforo, M. D. McGehee, Hysteresis and transient behavior in current-voltage measurements of hybrid-perovskite absorber solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 7(11), 3690-3698 (2014).

10.1039/C4EE02465F
9

R. K. Raman, S. A. Gurusamy Thangavelu, S. Venkataraj, A. Krishnamoorthy, Materials, methods and strategies for encapsulation of perovskite solar cells: From past to present. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 151, 111608 (2021).

10.1016/j.rser.2021.111608
10

T. Song, Critical steps towards accurate efficiency measurement of emerging tandem solar cells. in 2020 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE. 2020.

10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300541PMC7378106
11

D. Chojniak, A. J. Bett, J. Hohl-Ebinger, S. K. Reichmuth, M. Schachtner, G. Siefer, LED solar simulators-A spectral adjustment procedure for tandem solar cells. AIP Conference Proceedings (2023), AIP Publishing.

10.1063/5.0140990
12

A. J. Bett, D. Chojniak, M. Schachtner, S. K. Reichmuth, Ö. Ş. Kabaklı, P. S. C. Schulze, O. Fischer, F. Schindler, J. Hohl-Ebinger, G. Siefer, M. C. Schubert, Spectrometric characterization of monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Sol. RRL. 7(2), 2200948 (2023).

10.1002/solr.202200948
13

L. Rakocevic, F. Ernst, N. T. Yimga, S. Vashishtha, T. Aernouts, T. Heumueller, C. J. Brabec, R. Gehlhaar, J. Poortmans, Reliable performance comparison of perovskite solar cells using optimized maximum power point tracking. Sol. RRL. 3(2), 1800287 (2019).

10.1002/solr.201800287
14

G. Bardizza, H. Müllejans, D. Pavanello, E. D. Dunlop, Metastability in performance measurements of perovskite PV devices: a systematic approach. J. Phys.: Energy. 3(2), 021001 (2021).

10.1088/2515-7655/abd678
15

H. Saito, D. Aoki, T. Tobe, S. Magaino, Development of a new maximum power point tracking method for power conversion efficiency measurement of metastable perovskite solar cells. Electrochem. 88(3), 218-223 (2020).

10.5796/electrochemistry.20-00022
16

R. S. Sanchez, V. Gonzalez-Pedro, J.-W. Lee, N.-G. Park, Y. S. Kang, I. Mora-Sero, J. Bisquert, Slow dynamic processes in lead halide perovskite solar cells. Characteristic times and hysteresis. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5(13), 2357-2363 (2014).

10.1021/jz501118726279559
17

J. A. Christians, J. S. Manser, P. V. Kamat, Best practices in perovskite solar cell efficiency measurements: Avoiding the error of making bad cells look good. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6(5), 852-857 (2015).

10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b0028926262662
18

T. Song, D. J. Friedman, N. Kopidakis, Comprehensive performance calibration guidance for perovskites and other emerging solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 11(23), 2100728 (2021).

10.1002/aenm.202100728
19

R. B. Dunbar, W. Moustafa, A. R. Pascoe, T. W. Jones, K. F. Anderson, Y.-B. Cheng, C. J. Fell, G. J. Wilson, Device pre‐conditioning and steady‐state temperature dependence of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite solar cells. Prog. Photovolt.: Research and Applications. 25(7), 533-544 (2017).

10.1002/pip.2839
20

Fell, C. J., Standardising current-voltage measurements for metastable solar cells. J. Phys.: Energy. 2(1), 011002 (2019).

10.1088/2515-7655/ab55cc
21

​M. V. Khenkin, E. A. Katz, A. Abate, G. Bardizza, J. J. Berry, C. Brabec, F. Brunetti, V. Bulović, Q. Burlingame, A. Di Carlo, R. Cheacharoen, Y.-B. Cheng, A. Colsmann, S. Cros, K. Domanski, M. Dusza, C. J. Fell, S. R. Forrest, Y. Galagan, D. Di Girolamo, M. Grätzel, A. Hagfeldt, E. von Hauff, H. Hoppe, J. Kettle, H. Köbler, M. S. Leite, S. (Frank) Liu, Y.-L. Loo, J. M. Luther, C.-Q. Ma, M. Madsen, M. Manceau, M. Matheron, M. McGehee, R. Meitzner, M. K. Nazeeruddin, A. F. Nogueira, Ç. Odabaşı, A. Osherov, N.-G. Park, M. O. Reese, F. De Rossi, M. Saliba, U. S. Schubert, H. J. Snaith, S. D. Stranks, W. Tress, P. A. Troshin, V. Turkovic, S. Veenstra, I. Visoly-Fisher, A. Walsh, T. Watson, H. Xie, R. Yıldırım, S. M. Zakeeruddin, K. Zhu, M. Lira-Cantu, Consensus statement for stability assessment and reporting for perovskite photovoltaics based on ISOS procedures. Nat. Energy 5(1), 35-49 (2020).

10.1038/s41560-019-0529-5
22

E. Zimmermann, K. K. Wong, M. Müller, H. Hu, P. Ehrenreich, M. Kohlstädt, U. Würfel, S. Mastroianni, G. Mathiazhagan, A. Hinsch, T. P. Gujar, M. Thelakkat, T. Pfadler, L. Schmidt-Mende, Characterization of perovskite solar cells: Towards a reliable measurement protocol. APL Mater. 4(9), 091901 (2016).

10.1063/1.4960759
23

​R. B. Dunbar, B. C. Duck, T. Moriarty, K. F. Anderson, N. W. Duffy, C. J. Fell, J. Kim, A. Ho-Baillie, D. Vak, T. Duong, Y. Wu, K. Weber, A. Pascoe, Y.-B. Cheng, Q. Lin, P. L. Burn, R. Bhattacharjee, H. Wang, G. J. Wilson, How reliable are efficiency measurements of perovskite solar cells? The first inter-comparison, between two accredited and eight non-accredited laboratories. J. Mater. Chem. A 5(43), 22542-22558 (2017).

10.1039/C7TA05609E
24

C. Xu, I. Kunze, T. Friedrich, K. Ramspeck, M. Köntges, A hysteresis compensation algorithm for the generation of nonlinear voltage sweep for IV-characteristic measurement of high-capacitance solar modules with xenon flasher. IEEE J. Photovolt. 14(4), 629-636 (2024).

10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3402987
25

C. Monokroussos, D. Etienne, K. Morita, C. Dreier, U. Therhaag, W. Herrmann, Accurate power measurements of high capacitance PV modules with short pulse simulators in a single flash. Proc. 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy 3687-3692 (2012).

26

W. Xu, C. Monokroussos, H. Müllejans, W. Herrmann, Performance evaluation of procedures used to correct measured I‐V characteristics of photovoltaic modules for temperature and irradiance. Prog. Photovolt.: Research and Applications. 31(10), 981-998 (2023).

10.1002/pip.3702
Information
  • Publisher :Korea Photovoltaic Society
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국태양광발전학회
  • Journal Title :Current Photovoltaic Research
  • Volume : 13
  • No :2
  • Pages :83-93
  • Received Date : 2024-12-13
  • Revised Date : 2025-03-03
  • Accepted Date : 2025-03-04
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.21218/CPR.2025.13.2.083
Journal Informaiton Current Photovoltaic Research Current Photovoltaic Research
Online Submission
  • NRF
  • KISTI Current Status
  • KISTI Cited-by
  • crosscheck
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close